VS Arduino - collect2.exe*: error: ld returned 1 exit status

Jan 7^th, 2026 at 11:05pm (UTC)

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VS Arduino › Visual Micro › Visual Studio 2019, 2022, 2026 › collect2.exe*: error: ld returned 1 exit status

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collect2.exe*: error: ld returned 1 exit status (Read 2174 times)

QtagRuler Newbies Offline Posts: 4 Joined: May 31^st, 2024	*collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status** May 31^st, 2024 at 3:19pm	Print Post
	Hello, I am getting collect2.exe*: error: ld returned 1 exit status. I have VStudio 2022, and using uPesy ESP32 Wroom DevKit. and serval libraries. This program used to work, I'm not sure if it was related to company using long name onedrive folders, or if it is library files messed up. I've done a lot of things to this, since I first got this problem. I have created all sorts of other problems along the way but now I made my way back to the beginning with just my first error. I attached my output, I have no idea how to sift through this hopefully someone can decipher this and help me get running again.

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Simon@Visual Micro Administrator Offline Posts: 2830 Joined: Feb 13^th, 2019	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #1 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 4:00pm	Print Post
	Thanks for the report. You have an SD Library in the below folder which is adding the -lsc element to the linker command: C:\Users\jquinlan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\SD In the library.properties folder of the above folder, there will be a line with ldflags=-lsc which is where the flag is being introduced from. Can you confirm which SD Library and version this is so we can check whether this is correct?


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QtagRuler Newbies Offline Posts: 4 Joined: May 31^st, 2024	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #2 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 4:05pm	Print Post
	Thanks, I don't see the =-lsc in there but there is a =-lsd. I attached the file. Inside it says version 2.0.0

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Simon@Visual Micro Administrator Offline Posts: 2830 Joined: Feb 13^th, 2019	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #3 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 4:20pm	Print Post
	Apologies, I meant -lsd as in the error message. Can you confirm where you obtained the library from? The library appears to be a modified version of the SD Library which is included in the Board Package, but not sure of the purpose of the modifications. The flag is trying to reference the SD library (-l for library, then sd for the name), so in the C:\Users\jquinlan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\SD\src\esp32 folder there should be an libsd.a or libsd.so file, which is what the linker flag is referencing. If you want to use the ESP32 Board Package Library, then you can just move the Sketchbook\libraries\SD folder out of the libraries folder, and after reloading the project it should use the board package library.
	« Last Edit: May 31^st, 2024 at 4:39pm by Simon@Visual Micro »

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QtagRuler Newbies Offline Posts: 4 Joined: May 31^st, 2024	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #4 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 4:39pm	Print Post
	Thanks, There is no folder " C:\Users\jquinlan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\SD\src\esp32" There is "C:\Users\jquinlan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\SD\src\esp32s3" and it does contain a libSD.a file.


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Simon@Visual Micro Administrator Offline Posts: 2830 Joined: Feb 13^th, 2019	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #5 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 4:48pm	Print Post
	That means the SD library has been precompiled for the ESP32S3 MCU. but not the esp32 one (which If you definitely need to use the version in Sketchbook\libraries\SD. then comment out the precompiled and ldflags options in the library.properties file it should allow it to compile. Alternatively moving/deleting the Sketchbook\libraries\SD folder and reloading the project should ensure it changes back to the library included and updated by the Board Package.


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QtagRuler Newbies Offline Posts: 4 Joined: May 31^st, 2024	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #6 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 4:57pm	Print Post
	You are Awesome!!! and Thank you. This problem is solved. I removed the SD folder from C:\Users\jquinlan\Documents\Arduino\libraries\, rebuilt and it fully compiled!! Can you tell me a search term or reference document I can read to learn more about what ever these types of errors are called?


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Simon@Visual Micro Administrator Offline Posts: 2830 Joined: Feb 13^th, 2019	*Re: collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Reply #7 -** May 31^st, 2024 at 5:15pm	Print Post
	Glad you're up and running. There is a lot of documentation about the speecific elements, however there is the added layer of the Arduino specification..... The linker flag -lsd can be understood from generic gcc documentation (if you search the page for "-llibrary"), however the ESP32 uses a modified compiler for each MCU: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-9.1.0/gcc/Link-Options.html The library.properties file can be seen in the Arduino specification: https://arduino.github.io/arduino-cli/0.34/library-specification/


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